This table is in answer to Carter (1987, p. 187), who writes that "particular attention should be given to phonological patterns to aid retention in the lexical store."

In analyzing the lexical units of Russian and English, we find that foreign loanwords do conform to a pattern; there are certain phonological patterns, including some one-to-one correspondences between individual letters.

To describe the pattern of alternation of letters, we use the following equation: av becomes au.

The Cyrillic letters transliterated as "av" are spelled "au" in English.

***

1.a. av becomes au

The dipthong au is foreign to Russian. It occurs in Russian as av before

consonants (Bond 1974, p. 24).

Avstriya	Austria	avtomobil'	automobile
avtoritet	authority	avtomat	automat
avgust	August	avtograf	autograph
avtobus	bus	kosmonavt	kosmonav
avtor	author	mavsolej	mausoleum
avtobiografiya	autobiography

1.b. ev becomes eu

evkalipt	eucalyptus	evnukh	eunuch
evgenika	eugenics	evrika	eureaka
evfemizm	euphemism	Evkharistiya	Eucharist
Evclid	Euclid	evstakhiev	Eustachian tube
Evropa	Europe	psevdonim	pseudonym

2.a. f becomes ph

In native Russian words, "f" doesn't stand before a vowel. (Hamilton 1980, p. 76): "F" is a Greek letter which which came into Russian in the 10th century.

telegraf	telegraph	filosof	philosopher
paragraf	paragraph	monograf	monograph
filodendron	philodendron	filogenez	phylogenesis
oftal'molog	ophthalmologist	stratosfera	stratosphere

2.b. f becomes f

famililya	last name	profil'	profile
fokstrot	foxtrot	professor	professor
feierwerk	fireworks	fil'm	film

2.c. f becomes ff

ofis	office	ofitsial'no	officially
ofitser	officer	ofset	ofset
parafin	paraffin

3.a. This substitution is quite common: g becomes h

gospital'	hospital	gologramma	hologram
gandbol	handbol	gamak	hamak
gipoteza	hypothesis	gandikap	handikap
gibrid	hybrid	garem	harem
harmoniya	harmoniya	garpun	harpoon
gashish	hashish	gedonist	hedonist
gegemoniya	hegemony	geroizm	heroism
geliotrop	heliotrope	geroin	heroin
gorizont	horizon	giena	hyena
gimn	hymn	gonorar	honorarium
giperbola	hyperbole	gumanizm	gumanizm

3.b. kh becomes ch

khimiya	chemistry	Khristos	Khristos
patriarkh	patriarch	arkhitektura	architecture
tekhnika	technology

3.c. kv becomes qu

akvalung

aqualung

biskvit

Bisquit

4. sh becomes ch

shofyor	chauffeur	nish	niche
punsh	punch (drink)

5. t becomes th

teatr	theater	ateist	atheist
termometr	thermometer	metod	metod
avtoritet	authority	tezis	thesis
katolik	Catholic

6.a. ts becomes c

tsirk	circus	tsezij	thesis
tsement	cement	tsezura	caesura
tsar'	czar	tselibat	celibate
tsenzor	censor	tsentr	center
tsent	cent	tserber	Cerberus (myth.)
tsikada	cicada	tseremoniya	ceremony
tsikl	cycle	tsitadel	citadel
tsiklamen	cyclamen	tsiklops	Cyclops (myth.)
tsiklotron	cyclotron	tsisterna	cistern
tsilindr	cylinder	tsirroz	cirrhosis
tsinik	cynic	tsirkulyatsiya	circulation
tsivilizatsiya	civilization

6.b. ts becomes z

tsink	zinc	tsirkon	zirkon
tsiniya	zinnia	tsiter	zither

6.c. ts becomes ts

tsunami tsunami <Japanese

7. yu becomes u

These words reveal their foreign origin with "yu" (Ward 1965, p. 77)

menyu	menu	blyuz	blues music
zhyuri	jury	parashyut	parachute
revyu	revue	interv'yu	interview
ad"yutant	aide	adyul'ter	adulterer
ad"yunkt	adulterer	interlyudiya	interlude

H.1. zh becomes j

zhuri	jury	pizhama	pajamas
zhokej	jockey	zhurnalist	journalist
zhaket	jacket	zhele	jelly
pidzhak	pea jacket	zhargon	jargon
prozhektor	projector

H.2. zh becomes g

zhest	gesture	bezh	beige
zhiraf	giraffe	bagazh	baggage
zhandarm	gendarme	garazh	garage
zhanr	genre	massazh	massage
zhen'shen'	ginseng	passazhir	passenger
zhelatin	passenger	protezhe	protege

H.3. dzh becomes j

dzhaz	jazz	dzhinsy	jeans
dzhem	jeans	dzhinsovy	jean, (adj)
dzhemper	jumper	dzhip	jeep
dzhersi	jersey	dzhonka	junk (Chinese boat)
dzhiu-dzhitsu	ju-jitsu

H.4. dzh becomes g

dzhin

gin

gin

gentleman

H.5. dz becomes j

dzyudo	judo	dzudist	judoist
madzhong	mah-jong

C. Indeclineable Nouns

Russian-speakers will recognize this category immediately. Russian has six cases and endings, which change with case and number. The foreign words in this category, however, violate that grammar pattern by never changing their endings (Hamilton 1980, p. 76). Normally a borrowed word will find its place in the declension pattern of Russian, but the words below have retained their "foreignness," at least grammatically, by refusing to change their endings.

The idea of indeclineable nouns comes from the upper classes of the 18th and 19th centuries, who were aware of the foreign origin of these words, and kept their pronunciation. In fact, the actual number of indeclineable words coming into Russian during these two centuries was small; the real explosion started after the 1917 revolution (Comrie & Stone 1978, p. 82).

Muchnik (1964, pp. 148-180) offers a detailed description and list of such nouns. His lists (pp. 154-155) include words which apply only to objects that exist in foreign cultures (kimono), as well as words that, despite their foreign appearance, are so widely used that they don't feel like borrowings anymore (foto, kilo, metro, radio, taksi). To Muchink's lists, I have added words which have entered Russian since his paper was written.

	a) Nouns ending in -o:
	adazhio	gal'vano	metro
	allegro	gestapo	metstso-soprano
	bandzho	getto	mikado
	barokko	impresario	pianino
	bolero	indigo	polo
	bordo	inkognito	press-byuro
	byuro	kakao	radio
	depo	kilo	skertso
	dinamo	kimono	sombrero
	domino	kino	soprano
	embargo	kontral'to	status-kvo
	eskimo	kredo	torpeda
	esperanto	lasso	tremolo
	fandango	libretto	triko
	fiasko	loto	trio
	flamingo	lyumbago	vaterpolo
	foto	mango	zero
	b) Nouns ending in -e:
	aloe	kafe cafe	press-attashe
	atel'e	kanoe canoe	pyure
	attashe	klishe	rezyume
	dos'e	kofe coffee	sashe
	dzhersi	kommyunike	shale chalet
	ekspose	konsome	shimpanze
	faksimile	krup'e croupier	sufle
	file filet	kupe	tushe
	foie foyer	pap'e-mashe	zhele aspic
	frikase	pensne pince-nez
	kabare	pike
	c) Nouns ending in -i:
	alibi	ledi	travesti
	kharakiri hara-kiri	poni	viski
	kohl'rabi	popurri	vizavi
	konfetti	regbi	yanki
	kross cross-country race	shassi	zhalyuzi
		taksi	zhyuri
	d) Nouns ending in -(y)u:
	dzhiu-dzhitsu	menyu	revyu
	interv'yu	marabu	tabu
	kakau cockatoo	parvenu
	kengeru	ragu ragout
	e) Others (p. 155):
	al'paka	bra sconce	madam
	bakkara fine-cut glass	burzhya	miss
			missi

D. Double Consonants

The Russian language does not write words with double letters (except "nn"), but some loanwords which are written with double letters in their language of origin retain their double

letters in Russian.

	agressor	krossvord
	alleya broad road	lasso
	allegoriya	lobbi
	allergiya	nartsiss narcissus
	bassein	poll
	idilliya	popurri
	getto	professor
	grammatika	protsess
	kolledzh	press-attashe
	kollektiv	tennis
	kommentator analyst	vendetta
	kommyunike
	kottedzh