1. 1820's & 1830's: Filin
A reading of Filin's (1981, pp. 36-45) citations reveals how the Russian gentry were spending their time in the early 1800's.
For Russian "-izm" substitute English "-ism" (exception pleonazm) and you see what they were discussing.
anakhronizm |
feodalizm |
nigilizm |
romantizm |
antagonizm |
katolitsizm |
pleonazm |
somnambulizm |
byurokratizm |
klassitsizm |
protestantizm |
spiritualizm |
dogmatizm |
krititsizm |
prozaism |
terrorizm |
dualizm |
liberalizm |
radikalizm |
tsinizm |
fatalizm |
mistitsizm |
realizm |
vandalizm |
The following borrowings describe the life of the nobility-- where they lived, what they wore and ate.
aplodisment |
applause |
muslin |
muslin |
komfort |
comfort |
elastik |
elastic |
veranda |
veranda |
beret |
beret |
mansarda |
attic, garret |
boa |
boa |
park |
park |
zhaket |
jacket |
skver |
square=public garden |
galoshi |
galoshes |
restoran |
restaurant |
pidzhak |
(pea) jacket |
litsei |
Lyceum |
smoking |
dinner jacket |
kottedzh |
cottage |
tsilindr |
top hat |
kolledzh |
college |
domino |
dominoes |
veterinariya |
veterinary science |
pled |
rug |
ferma |
farm |
sigareta |
cigarette |
morg |
morgue |
tarantella |
tarantella |
buterbrod |
bread 'n butter |
mazurka |
mazurka |
vinegret |
vinaigrette |
kotil'yon |
cotillion |
kohl'rabi |
kohlrabi |
pyure |
puree |
kompot |
compote |
puding |
pudding |
muss |
mousse |
fakt |
fact |
byudzhet |
budget |
blank |
form |
tsivilizatsiya |
civilization |
shrapnel' |
shrapnel |
English becomes a large new source of loanwords, especially in sports and labor union vocabulary, according to Filin (1981b, pp. 210-2214).
bar |
fil'm |
start |
beisbol |
finish |
stend |
boikot |
fokstrot |
tank |
boks boxing |
futbol |
tred-yunion |
boksyor boxer |
life elevator |
trek track |
chempion |
linoleum |
trener |
detektiv |
lokaut lockout |
trenirovat' to train |
kodak |
rekord |
trest trust |
French cultural influences have changed from the beginning of the 19th century (pp. 214-218).
aviator |
impressionizm |
pilot |
as ace airman |
khromatizm |
planyor glider |
aeroplan |
kooptatsiya co-optation |
propeller |
aerodrom |
kubizm |
shezlong chaise lounge |
avtoritarnyi authoritarian |
muar moire |
shofyor chauffeur |
briz breeze |
sabotazh | |
dirizhabl' dirigible |
vazelin vaseline |
German influences (pp. 218-221) are few.
kollektiv |
leitmotiv |
raritet rarity |
shtreikbrekher |
tseppelin Zeppelin |